By Cecilia Ogezi
On August 14, 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and neighboring countries a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” (PHEIC). The emergence of a new virus strain, clade Ib, which is largely transmitted through sexual networks, has raised alarm, particularly in countries such as Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya.
In Nigeria, at least 48 confirmed cases were reported by the end of August 2024, with no deaths so far. Surveillance has been heightened in high-risk states, and border health checks are in place at airports, seaports, and land crossings. On August 27, Nigeria received 10,000 doses of the mpox vaccine from the U.S. to help manage the outbreak.
As the outbreak continues to spread across Africa, governments are working with WHO to distribute vaccines, raise public awareness, and implement preventive health measures for travelers. Coordinated international efforts are essential to contain the virus and prevent its further spread.
Monkeypox, a re-emerging viral zoonosis, has become a significant global health concern. While its symptoms resemble those of smallpox, the disease tends to be less severe but can lead to complications in vulnerable populations. The rising number of cases worldwide has necessitated swift and coordinated responses from governments.
Transmission of monkeypox primarily occurs through close contact with an infected animal’s bodily fluids, lesions, or respiratory droplets. It can also spread between humans through direct contact with skin lesions, body fluids, or contaminated objects. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, and a rash that progresses from flat lesions to fluid-filled pustules, which eventually scab. While the disease is typically self-limiting, severe cases can occur, particularly among immunocompromised individuals.
In response to the growing number of cases, governments have implemented various measures aimed at curbing the spread and protecting public health.
Due to the similarities between monkeypox and smallpox, vaccines originally developed for smallpox have been repurposed. Countries with rising case numbers have rolled out targeted vaccination campaigns, prioritizing high-risk groups such as healthcare workers, laboratory personnel, and individuals with confirmed exposure. Governments are working to ensure that these vaccines are accessible, especially for vulnerable populations.
The government has also strengthened surveillance systems to enable early detection and swift isolation of suspected cases. By enhancing the monitoring of monkeypox and other zoonotic diseases, health authorities can respond quickly to prevent outbreaks.
Infected individuals are isolated to reduce the risk of further transmission. Additionally, quarantine measures are being enforced for those who have come into contact with confirmed cases.
Governments have partnered with international health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These collaborations facilitate data sharing, research on treatment options, and the mobilization of resources to combat the disease.
Despite these commendable efforts, additional measures could further mitigate the spread of monkeypox, by raising public awareness about monkeypox is essential. Governments should launch widespread education campaigns to inform citizens about symptoms, transmission routes, and preventive measures. Public knowledge can empower individuals to take proactive steps in preventing transmission.
Governments should allocate more resources to research on the virus, focusing on its evolution, transmission dynamics, and potential long-term health impacts. Advancing scientific understanding will aid in the development of more effective treatments and interventions.
Given the zoonotic nature of monkeypox, improving monitoring systems for animals, especially wildlife and farm animals, is crucial. By monitoring potential carriers, health authorities can reduce the risk of animal-to-human transmission. Collaboration between public health and animal health sectors is essential for comprehensive surveillance.
Governments must actively engage local communities, particularly those in high-risk areas. Through the involvement of community leaders, civil society organizations, and healthcare providers, authorities can effectively communicate preventive strategies and ensure adherence to health guidelines.
Monkeypox remains a critical public health challenge, requiring coordinated efforts from both governments and citizens. While current interventions, such as vaccination programs, enhanced surveillance, and international cooperation, are commendable, further steps are needed. Public awareness, research, animal monitoring, and community involvement are vital to strengthening the global response to the disease. Preventing future outbreaks will demand sustained vigilance, adequate resources, and collective action to safeguard public health.
In Kenya, five cases were confirmed as of early September 2024. The Health Ministry has advised the public to report symptoms early and avoid non-essential travel to affected areas. Vaccination efforts are set to begin by December, focusing on vulnerable populations. WHO, in coordination with health ministries, is mobilizing vaccines and medical supplies to affected regions.
